From waste to resource: Opportunities and challenges to combat water scarcity

Abstract

Many parts of South Africa are still staggering on the back of severe droughts experienced over the past decade. Rapid urbanization has created a plethora of water-related challenges, including environmental degradation and water scarcity accentuated by climate change. Under the IPCC emissions scenarios, these challenges are projected to further affect both atmospheric and hydrological circulations. The livelihoods and food security of rural communities of a predominantly urban population are therefore at risk from water-related impacts linked primarily to climate variability. In this context, unconventional water resources can play a critical role to achieve water security. Water scarcity, increased pollution, unprecedented population growth, and climate change are collectively driving the need to reuse water with the aim to enhance water security, sustainability, and resilience. It is clear that South Africa's already strained water resources will become even more stressed in the near future. The Department of Water and Sanitation predicted that by 2030 water demand will reach 17.7 billion m3, far more than what is available to allocate. Globally, responsible and efficient water management is fast becoming a pressing reality for domestic users, agriculture, and industry alike. The challenge is therefore to capitalize on the limited water we currently have. Several response strategies are available that will provide both near-term relief and long-term benefits. This chapter examines the significant potential contribution available from water reuse opportunities. Reuse constraints and future water management strategies are also addressed.